ReferencesBradway, J. K, Malone, J. M., Racy, J., Leal, J. M., & Poole, J. (1984). Psychological adaptation to amputation: An overview. Orthotics and Prosthetics, 38, 46-50. Bullard, D., & Knight, S. (Eds.). (1981). Sexuality and disability: Personal perspectives. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Cantor, M. G. (1987). Popular culture and the portrayal of women: Content and control. In B. B. Hess & M. M. Ferree (Eds.), Analyzinggender:A handbook of social science research (pp. 190-214). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Cole, S., & Cole, T. M. (1983). Disability and intimacy: The importance of sexual health. In G. Albee, S. Gordon, & H. Leitenberg (Eds.), Promoting sexual responsibility and preventing sexual problems (pp. 297305). Hanover, England: University Press.
Comfort, A. (1980). Sexuality in later life. In J. E. Birren & R. B. Sloane (Eds.), Hand book of mental health and aging (pp. 885892). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Fazio, L. (1987). Sexuality and aging: A community wellness program. Special Issue: Community programs for the health impaired elderly. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 6, 59-69.
Frank, R. G., Kashani, J. H., Kashani, S. R., Wonderlich, S. A., Umlauf, R. L., & Ashkanazi, G. S. (1984). Psychological response to amputation as a function of age and time since amputation. British Journal of Psychiatry, lg4, 493-497.
Froggatt, D., & Mawby, R. (1981). Surviving an amputation. Social Science Medicine, 15, 123-128.
Garrison, J. E. (1989). Sexual dysfunction in the elderly: Causes and effects. Journal of Psychotherapy and the Family, 5, 149-162.
George, L. K., & Weiler, S. J. (1981). Sexuality in middle and late life: The effects of age, cohort, and gender. Archiues of General Psychiatry, 38, 919-923.
Goldberg, R. T. (1984). New trends in the rehabilitation of lower extremity amputees. Rehabilitation Literature, 45, 2-11.
Goldman, A., & Carroll, J. L. (1990). Educational intervention as an adjunct to treatment in erectile dysfunction of older couples. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 16, 127-141.
Hallstrom, T., & Samuelsson, S. (1990). Changes in women's sexual desire in middle life: The longitudinal study of women in Gothenburg [Sweden]. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 19, 259-267.
Hayslip, B., Jr., & Panek, P. E. (1993). Adult development and aging. New York: Harper Collins.
Himmelfarb, S., & Murrell, S. A. (1983). Reliability and validity of five mental health scales in older persons. Journal of Gerontology, 38, 333-339.
Kaplan, H. S. (1974). The neu sex therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Kashani, J. H., Frank, R. G., Kashani, S. R., Wonderlich, S. A., & Reid, J. (1983). Depression among amputees. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 44, 256-258.
Katz, J. (1992). Psychophysiological contributions to phantom limbs. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 282-298.
Kellet, J. M. (1991). Sexuality and the elderly. Sexual and Marital Therapy, 6, 147-155.
Labby, D. H. (1984). Sexuality. In C. K. Cassel & J. R. Walsh (Eds.), Geriatric medicine. Volume I7: Fundamentals of geriatric care (pp. 182-191). New York: SpringerVerlag.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Hoberman, H. M., & Rosenbaum, M. (1988). A prospective study of risk factors for unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 251-264.
Lindesay, J. E. (1985). Multiple pain complaints in amputees. Journal of Rehabilitation and Social Medicine, 78, 452-455.
LoPiccolo, J. (1991). Counseling and therapy for sexual problems in the elderly. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 7, 161-179.
Marshall, M., Helmes, E., & Deathe, A. B. (1992). A comparison of psychosocial functioning and personality in amputee and chronic pain patients. Clinical Journal of Pain, 8, 351-357.
Mazur, A. (1986). U.S. trends in feminine beauty and overadaptation. The Journal of Sex Research, 22, 281-303.
Mooney, R. L. (1995). The handbook: Information for new upper extremity amputees, their families, and friends. Lomita, CA: Mutual Amputee Aid Foundation.
Mulligan, T., & Moss, C. R. (1991). Sexuality and aging in male veterans: A cross-sectional study of interest, ability, and activity. Archiues of Sexual Behavior, 20, 17-25.
Mulligan, T., & Palguta, R. (1991). Sexual interest, activity, and satisfaction among
Williamson and Walters
male nursing home residents. Archiues of Sexual Behavior, 20, 199-204.
Mulligan, T., Retchin, S. M., Chinchilli, V. M., & Bettinger, C. B. (1988). The role of aging and chronic disease in sexual dysfunction. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 36, 520-524.
O'Donohue, W. T. (1987). The sexual behavior and problems of the elderly. In L. Carstensen & B. Edelstein (Eds.). Handbook of clinical gerontology (pp. 66-75). New York: Pergamon.
O'Toole, D. M., Goldberg, R. T., & Ryan, B. (1985). Functional changes in vascular amputee patients: Evaluation by Barthel Index, PULSES profile, and ESCROW scale. Archiues of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, 66, 508-511.
Pell, J. P., Donnan, P. T., Fowkes, F. G. R., & Ruckley, C. V. (1993). Quality of life following lower limb amputation for peripheral arterial disease. European Journal of Vascular Surgery, 7, 448-451.
Pinzur, M. S., Littooy, F., Daniels, J., Arney, C., Reddy, N. K, Graham, G., & Osterman, H. (1992). Multidisciplinary preoperative assessment and late function in dysvascular amputees. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 281, 239-243.
Postma, A., Kingma, A., DeRuiter, J. H., Koops, H. S., Veth, R. P. H., Goeken, L. N. H., & Kamps, W. A. (1992). Quality of life in bone tumor patients comparing limb salvage and amputation of the lower extremity. Journal of Surgical Oncology, 51, 47-51.
Power-Smith, P. (1991). Problems in older people's longer term sexual relationships. Sexual and Marital Therapy, 6, 287-296.
Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A selfreport depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
Reinstein, L., Ashley, J., & Miller, K. (1978). Sexual adjustment after lower extremity amputation. Archiues of Physical Med icine and Rehabilitation, 59, 501-504.
Rieve, J. E. (1989). Sexuality and the adult with acquired physical disability. Nursing Clinics of North America, 24, 265-276.
Roberts, R. E., & Vernon, S. W. (1983). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: Its use in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 4146.
Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., Tilson, M., & Seeley, J. R. (1990). Dimensionality of coping and its relation to depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 499-511.
Romano, M. D. (1977). The physically handicapped. In H. L. Gochros & J. S. Gochros (Eds.), The sexually oppressed (pp. 257267). New York: Association Press.
Russo, V. (1987). The celluloid closet. New York: Harper & Row.
Rybarczyk, B. D., Nyenhuis, D. L., Nicholas,
J. J., Schulz, R., Alioto, R. J., & Blair, C. (1992). Social discomfort and depression in a sample of adults with leg amputations. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73, 1169-1173.
Schover, L. R. (1989). Sexual problerns in chronic illness. In S. R. Leiblum & R. C. Rosen (Eds.), Principles and practice in sex therapy (2nd ed., pp. 319-351). New York: Guilford Press.
Schover, L. R., & Jensen, S. B. (1988). Sexuality and chronic illness: A comprehensive approach. New York: Guilford.
Schulberg, H. C., McClelland, M., & Burns, B. J. (1987). Depression and physical illness: The prevalence, causation, and diagnosis of comorbidity. Clinical Psychology Review, 7, 145-167.
Schulz, R., & Decker, S. (1985). Long-term adjustment to physical disability: The role of social support, perceived control, and self-blame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1162-1172.
Schulz, R., Williamson, G. M., & Bridges, M. (1991). Limb amputation among the elderly: Psychosocial factors influencing adjustment. Washington, DC: AARP Andrus Foundation.
Strong, B., & DeVault, C. (1994). Human sexuality. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
Thompson, D. M., & Haran, D. (1983). Living with an amputation: The patient. International Rehabilitation Medicine, 5, 165-169.
Walters, A. S., & Williamson, G. M. (1993). Pain and depression among pediatric chronic pain patients: Attenuating effects of activity restriction. Paper presented at the 64th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Arlington, VA, April.
Williams, A. K., & Schulz, R. ( 1988). The association of pain and physical dependency with depression in physically ill middle-aged and elderly persons. Physical Therapy, 68, 1226-1231.
Williamson, G. M. (1995). Restriction of normal activities among older adult amputees: The role of public self-consciousness. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 1, 229-242.
Williamson, G. M., & Schulz, R. (1992a). Pain, activity restriction, and symptoms of depression among community-residing elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology, 47, 367-372.
Williamson, G. M., & Schulz, R. ( 1992b). Physical illness and symptoms of depression among elderly outpatients. Psychology and Aging, 7, 343-351.
Williamson, G. M., & Schulz, R. (1993). Coping with specific stressors in Alzheimer's disease caregiving. The Gerontologist, 33, 747-755.
Williamson, G. M., & Schulz, R. (1995a). Activity restriction mediates the association between pain and depressed affect: A study of younger and older adult cancer patients. Psychology and Aging, 10, 369-378.
Williamson, G. M., & Schulz, R. (1995b). Symptoms of depression in the elderly: Beyond the effects of physical illness and disability. In B. J. Vellas, J. L. Albarede, & P. J Garry (Eds.), Facts and research in gerontology 1995: Mood and cognitiue disorders (pp. 9-19). New York: Springer.
Williamson, G. M., Schulz, R., Bridges, M., & Behan, A. (1994). Social and psychological factors in adjustment to limb amputation. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 249-268.
Wise, T. N., Epstein, S., & Ross, R. (1992). Sexual issues in the medically ill and aging. Psychiatric Medicine, 10, 169-180.
Wolf, N. (1991). The beauty myth: How images of beauty are used against women. New York: William Morrow.
From The Journal of Sex Research Vol. 33, No. 3, 1996 pp. 221-230 (Reproduction permission given by author) Manuscript accepted September 20,1995
This research was supported by a grant from the University of Georgia Faculty Research Grants Program and funds from the Institute for Behavioral Research at The University of Georgia. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Gail M. Williamson, Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
To go to Part One of this study To go to Part II of this study To see Reference list To return to Amputee Home Page